Social Problems Of A Social Problem Essay - 1458 Words

Social Problem a) What is a Social Problem? †¢ My understanding of a social problem is that a substantial group of individuals consider an issue to be problematic and that the matter in question does not reconcile itself between the good of the group and what has been done for society. Although the issue can be advantageous for some members of a culture or community, it can be detrimental to others and therefore must be examined. b) What are some social problems that currently exist in society? †¢ Problems that occur recycle themselves over time in a society. As an example, in the 1950’s many people believed that there could be a nuclear war at any time. Today, even though we have disarmed many nuclear warheads, the threat of a war is still a concern from nations who desire to use nuclear power as a weapon. Another concern is economic stability. During the â€Å"Great Depression† many people were out of work and families stood in soup lines to be fed. Today our economic situation is still a concern and we have shelters and foundations to feed and care for those unable to find work. Our government has also provided programs whereby individual and families can obtain food and shelter while trying to find work. I also recognize that many have given up the quest to find employment. Some other social concerns in society are: education, wage equality, and human trafficking only to name a few in the mountain of issues we face today. c) How do sociologists define a socialShow MoreRelatedSocial Problems Of The Social Problem885 Words   |  4 PagesOne major social problem that concerns me is social division. Social divisions include but are not limited to: gender, race, class, identity, language barriers, and geographical locations. They are often separated into categories of people. Ex. Homeless, elderly, sex offenders, single parents, disabilities, children, teens, etc. In today’s time, we seem to point the finger on everyone else rather than taking the blame ourselves and it is not surprising to see that the majority is being accused onRead MoreSocial Problems And The Social Problem1170 Words   |  5 PagesTo study some social problems, one may have to take a social constructionist approach. That is to say that taking this approach could be problematic because it is a function of social interaction. They aren t immediately obvious but should be interpreted. Take into consideration texting and driving . Many believe it is horrible and those people who commit the crime should be punished. It did not always used to be this way and in some places is not looked at in such fashion. When we objectively labelRead MoreSocial Problems : A Social Problem1743 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion Paper Social problems can encompass many things, but they all have two things in common. They are a social state that disturbs society, and they are detrimental to society. There are four stages to a social problem: public outcry, crafting an official response, reaction to official response, and developing alternative strategies to solve problem. These stages run in a cycle and happen over and over again depending upon what the public is upset about. When you have a social problem, it affectsRead MoreSocial Problems And The Social Problem1259 Words   |  6 PagesPhoto Essay Our world has many social problems that we try to solve or reduce in many different ways. In order to solve them, we must first look for them. Tara Hardinge is my Sociology professor. During her lecture, she stated that â€Å"Social problem it is a social condition that a part of society view as dangerous or harmful to members of society and there is a need to cure or remedy it† (Hardinge 2015). Linda Mooney, David Knox, and Caroline Schacht are Sociology professors at East Carolina UniversityRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Social Problems1977 Words   |  8 Pages1.0.0 SOCIAL PROBLEM The term â€Å"social problem† cannot be comprehensively defined without understanding the meaning of social itself before joining problem. 1.0.1 SOCIAL The word social comes from the Latin socius meaning friend. When you re being social, you re everyone s friend. Go to a social, or mixer and you might make a lot of new friends. Stand in the corner pouting, however, and you re being anti-social. Humans are described as social being ones that tend to moveRead MoreThe Problem Of A Social Problem Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ My understanding of a social problem is that a substantial group of individuals consider an issue to be problematic and that the matter in question does not reconcile itself between the good of the group and what has been done for society. Although the issue can be advantageous for some members of a culture or community, it can be detrimental to others and therefore must be examined. b) What are some social problems that currently exist in society? †¢ Problems that occur recycle themselves overRead MoreThe Problem Of A Social Problem2487 Words   |  10 PagesWhen thinking of a social problem in our society that is deeply affecting all of us individuals together in society as a whole, what particular issue do you think about? What do you think is problematic in our society right now? I believe that a major problem in our society that still continues to exist today is racism. Racism is a problem that has been going on in our country since our country was first founded. The racism I am talking about is racism against minority groups, mostly black peopleRead More Social Problems1061 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Ferreira (2005:86), four elements may be discerned when attempting to define a social problem. The four elements are: a pressure (influential) group; a social condition; a set of values and norms; and collective action. Taking these four elements as building blocks the following definition of a social problem may be arrived at: A social condition, known to a pressure group as posing a threat to current values and norms, that requires collective action to rectify (Pretorius, Le RouxRead MoreSocial Problems807 Words   |  4 Pagesbasketball career for a long time. He never really did get over it, he was forced to settle for a second best basketball school, but managed to receive a great education. Family matters also plays major roles in the movie. Bo had substance abuse problems and affected how well the dreams went with Arthur. By the end of each story, he said was off drugs for good. Bo had even said that if he wouldn’t have been on drugs, he would’ve been able to afford Arthur’s education at St. Joseph’s, and that possiblyRead MoreSocial Change : A Social Problem1087 Words   |  5 Pages4013-995 Social Change Process Dr. Deacon November 12th, 2014 1. Much of social change is aimed at alternating inequalities and forms of oppression. Select One of the forms of inequality and/or oppression that we have covered so far (e.g., sexism, ageism, etc.), Briefly describe this form of inequality and/or oppression (giving at least one example of how it manifests in day to day society). Give one reason why the authors of either of your book(s) argue that this is a social problem in need of

Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines 1820-1860...

Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines: 1820-1860 By the 1820’s the issue of slavery in the southern states had become fraught with controversy. It was by no means a clear-cut difference between Northern and Southern states; many Southerners were against it and many Northerners tolerated it, feeling it was a problem that the South must solve. Most early anti-slavery societies, though, arose in the North and many made efforts to spread their views by publishing. William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator, published weekly between 1831 and 1865, had a Juvenile Department; the paper became the organ for the American Anti-Slavery Society which Garrison started in 1833. Among the earliest children’s magazines was the Juvenile Miscellany†¦show more content†¦Willis, in this statement, was thereby addressing the hopes and beliefs of Americans of the early 19th century, who did hold the conviction that an American child of this new generation was destined for a uniquely promising future, and that this required a new juvenile literature designed expressly for that child. Fiction there might be, but not light fiction; no, it was to be instructive and improving, to aid the parent in the moral development of the child. For the parent, not the school or even the church, was to be the major force in developing the child’s highest potential, and of the two parents, the mother was thought to be supremely qualified to inculcate, to influence, to teach by example. So much, in fact, was assigned to the woman’s role that today we can well believe that appropriate, wholesome, ‘safe’ reading-matter for the child was a boon to the mother. And into this breach, ready to fill the gap that had earlier existed in the field, when most children’s books were by English writers, came many American writers, largely from New England or the Middle Atlantic states, many of them themselves women and mothers. The writers for these periodicals were in fact often anonymous, or signed themselves with initials or pseudonyms; Child, for example, usually signed herself ’Aunt Maria’. Editors, to fillShow MoreRelatedCauses of the American Civil War2672 Words   |  11 Pagesby its end result, which was the abolition of slavery. But could the Civil War have been avoided? The tensions between the North and South started with their divergent socioeconomic standings. The North was more industrial, with its economy relying on factories and railroads; while the South was primarily agricultural, relying on cotton and slave labor. This separation of cultures led to a clear division, which grew based on pro-slavery and anti-slavery faction and as time passed, tore the nationRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagessigns of progress? Firstly, it is worth mentioning the importance of the expansion of railways. In a short time it greatly influenced not only the landscape of the country but also the perception of the space and time. Books, journals, reviews, magazines, papers became the portion of travelling. Even libraries, like those of Edward Mudie and W.H. Smith, thanks to the railways could send different forms of literature to provinces and overseas. Changes in the industry and society were equal to theRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesan African-American slave accent, and possibly a Mandinka accent, with other African accents, along with the colonial British accent layered in. The purpose of this paper is to consider the implications of an observation made about the practice of slavery in North America and to ask whether this view might be extended to the rest of the Americas. The observation is Philip Curtin’s conclusion, after sifting through the immense number of sources available to him, that â€Å"South Carolina planters . . . had

My dreams Free Essays

My goal in life is to keep pushing myself because I know that I can achieve anything desire. Most would be happy going for a simple hike, perhaps a certain number of miles. Would not feel fulfilled. We will write a custom essay sample on My dreams or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would want to go all the way. What I would take from this beautiful day is the joy of finishing what I have begun. I also would know in my heart that pushed myself to the limits and it did not break me, what rather inspired me. My dream day would not take place on the easiest mountain or the most likely. I would set my sights on the most difficult, yet achievable destination. After all, success does have its limits just as the human body does. There have been many times in my life when I have been less than fit. Occasionally even less than â€Å"less than fit†. I am never proud bothers moments and I always swear that I will change how I live my life in the pursuit of fitness. Hiking is a very intense workout and it is extremely unforgiving. Sure, one could simply give up and turn around. T hats not who I am. I dream of a day when I can reach the top of my physical mountain as well as my proverbial mountain. Achieving this would push my body to its absolute limit ND strengthen my body and mind. This Thrall 2 would not be my end destination but a pattern that I could use for my entire life, enhancing my fitness level the further I would go. In conclusion, if I could wish for any one day it would be a day where I could reach the top of a mountain by hike. Do not take my dreams or wishes lightly. When I want something bad enough I go for it and give it everything. My dreams are big and difficult but they are doable. My personality is a stubborn one and my body is as well. Hiking would bring out both of these traits and it is this reason why I would want to do it. How to cite My dreams, Papers

Foss and Crowdsourcing free essay sample

The paradox of firm investment in open-source software. [Online]. Available: http://scholarworks. sjsu. edu/org_mgmt_pub/3. Accessed: 14 April 2013 PASCALE, T. , CHANAL, V. , PELISSIER, C. 2009. Crowdsourcing as a way to access external knowledge for innovation. Control, incentive and coordination in hybrid forms of innovation. [Online]. Available: http://hal. archives-ouvertes. fr/docs/00/36/73/73/PDF/TrompetteChanalPelissierEGOS. pdf. Accessed: 14 April 2013 HUBERMAN, B, A. , ROMERO, D, M. , WU, F. 2008. Crowdsourcing, Attention and Productivity. Crowdsourcing for Information Retrieval. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies Copyright  © 2008 Sage Publications London, Los Angeles, New Delhi and Singapore Vol 14(1): 75–90 DOI: 10. 1177/1354856507084420 http://cvg. sagepub. com Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving An Introduction and Cases Daren C. Brabham University of Utah, USA OUTSOURCING TO AN UNKNOWN WORKFORCE: EXPLORING OPENSOURCING AS A GLOBAL SOURCING STRATEGY1 By: Par J. Agerfalk†  Department of Information Science Computer and Systems Science Uppsala University Uppsala SWEDEN par. [emailprotected] uu. se Brian Fitzgerald Lero – The Irish Software Engineering Research Centre University of Limerick Limerick IRELAND [emailprotected] We will write a custom essay sample on Foss and Crowdsourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ie MIS Quarterly Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 385-409/June 2008 Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study FLOSS Deliverable D18: FINAL REPORT Part 4: Survey of Developers Rishab A. Ghosh Ruediger Glott Bernhard Krieger Gregorio Robles International Institute of Infonomics University of Maastricht, The Netherlands June 2002  © 2002 International Institute of Infonomics, University of Maastricht and Berlecon Research GmbH The original version of this document is available at http://www. nfonomics. nl/FLOSS/report/ FLOSS-US THE FREE/LIBRE/OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE SURVEY FOR 2003 Paul A. David Andrew Waterman Seema Arora HTTP://WWW. STANFORD. EDU/GROUP/FLOSS-US/ * THE AUTHORS MAY BE CONTACTED AT THE E-MAIL ADDRESS: [emailprotected] EDU STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA, USA SEPTEMBER, 2003 Government Policies Supporting Open Source Software for the Mass Market Stefano Comino Dipartimento di Economia, Universit`a di Trento, Via Inama 5, 38100 Trento, Italy E-mail: [emailprotected] unitn. i t Fabio M. Manenti Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche â€Å"M. Fanno†, Universit`a di Padova, Via del Santo 33, 35123 Padova, Italy E-mail: fabio. [emailprotected] it 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.  © 2006 Wired Magazine Issue 14. 06 June 2006 http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/14. 06/crowds_pr. html The Rise of Crowdsourcing Jeff Howe Open source software––an evaluation Alfonso Fuggetta A. Fuggetta / The Journal of Systems and Software 66 (2003) 77–90 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities  © European Communities, 2009 Review of Learning in ICT-enabled Networks and Communities Kirsti Ala-Mutka JRS scientific and technical reports Revitalizing Computing Education Through Free and Open Source Software for Humanity By Ralph Morelli, Allen Tucker, Norman Danner, Trishan R. de Lanerolle, Heidi J. C. Ellis, Ozgur Izmirli, Danny Krizanc, and Gary Parker The humanitarian focus of socially useful projects promises motivation for community-minded undergraduates in and out of computer science.  © ACM, (2009). This is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in CACM, {52, 8, (August 2009) http://doi. acm. org/10. 1145/ 1536616. 1536635 .  © 2003 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Special issue on open source software development Georg von Krogh a,? , Eric von Hippel b,1 a Institute of Management, University of St. Gallen, Dufourstrasse 48, St. Gallen CH-9010, Switzerland b Sloan School of Management, MIT, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The Open Source Definition by Bruce Perens (selection) http://perens. com/OSD. html Michal Sroka MTF STU 2007 / 2008 Journal of Strategic Information Systems 16 (2007) 236–253 The open source software phenomenon: Characteristics that promote research q Georg von Krogh *, Sebastian Spaeth ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Kreuzplatz 5, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland Accepted 21 June 2007 Available online 13 August 2007 Why Open Source software can succeed_ Andrea Bonaccorsi? , Cristina Rossi1 Laboratory of Economics and Management, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, P. zza Martiri per la Liberta 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy Research Policy 32 (2003) 1243–1258

How to Change Your WordPress Profile Picture System (In 3 Easy Steps)

As you probably know, WordPress enables you and your users to set up individual  profile pictures. However, you can only do so using the Gravatar system, which can be restrictive. Thats why learning how to change your WordPress profile picture (outside of Gravatar) can come in handy.Fortunately, WordPress enables you to tweak almost any aspect of your site  using plugins, and profile pictures are no exception. By  using the right plugin, you can overhaul your entire profile picture system to make it more user-friendly, and avoid relying on a third-party service.In this article, were going to talk about how WordPress default Gravatar system works, and explain what its downsides are. Then well teach you how to replace it with a better version in three simple steps. Lets jump right in! By default, WordPress uses the Gravatar platform to handle profile pictures. This system enables you to upload avatars and use them on any site that incorporates Gravatar, by logging in with the sam e user credentials.Gravatar makes managing your avatars simple, but its not without downsides.On  paper, this sounds like a smart idea since it can save time. After all, you dont have to upload a profile picture separately to each new site.  In practice, however, this system isnt as convenient as it looks. There are a few  main downsides to using Gravatar:You cant change your profile picture from within WordPress. Instead, you have to log into the Gravatar platform and associate a new avatar with your email address.Its difficult to use different profile pictures for specific websites. To do so, you have to add a new email to your Gravatar account, assign it a different avatar, and use that address to log into the site in question.If you dont mind these inconveniences, Gravatar can be a welcome addition to your site. However, you may appreciate the option to upload your  own unique avatar to your site, without using a third-party service. Lets find out how to make that possib le.How to change your WordPress profile picture system (in three easy steps)In this section, were going to show you how to use the WP User Avatar plugin to overhaul your sites profile picture system: WP User Avatar Author(s): flippercodeCurrent Version: 2.2.4Last Updated: May 29, 2019wp-user-avatar.zip 88%Ratings 3,572,197Downloads WP 3.6+Requires We chose this particular plugin because its easy to implement, and it enables you to upload your  own avatar. Youll first want to install and activate the plugin, then move on to the first step.Step #1: Configure the WP User Avatar PluginAfter installing the plugin, a new Avatars tab will appear in your WordPress dashboard. Clicking on it will reveal two options: a settings screen and a library containing all the avatars youve uploaded.For now, click on the Settings tab and check out the three choices at the top:The first setting enables you to add avatar uploading functionality to your posts and pages. Well explore this further in the next section, so lets focus on the other two for now. By default, the option that lets contributors and subscribers upload their own profile pictures will be disabled, so youll need to turn it on. You can also disable the Gravatar system  if you want, although that isnt necessary.Enabling the option for users to upload their own profile pictures will prompt a new menu to appear. In this section, youll be able to set a size limit for images users can upload, and turn on a feature that will resize all profile pictures automatically:We recommend setting a cap of 1–2 megabytes, to prevent avatars from taking up too much room on your server.Before moving on, youll also want to set up a default avatar for users who dont want to upload their own. You can do this at the bottom of the Settings screen:All you have to do is upload an image of your own to serve as your sites default profile picture, save your changes, and youre ready to go.Step #2: Enable the upload of your prof ile pictures using shortcodesYour new WordPress profile picture system should now be working, but youll need to add an uploading feature to your front end before you can  access it.To do this, go ahead and open the editor for any post or page where you want to add an image uploading option. You should see a new profile picture icon right above your main editor:Place your cursor in the  page or post, at the spot where you want to include the upload feature, and then click on the icon. Youll see a window with two tabs, one that enables you to insert your own avatar into your posts, and another to add the upload functionality. Click on the Upload tab:Now confirm your decision using the Insert Into Post option. A shortcode will appear on your page, like this:Keep in mind that  you can use this feature in multiple places on your site, by adding the shortcode manually anywhere you want. Now, lets check out how our new upload feature works.Step #3: Test your new profile picture uploa ding featureTo see your new WordPress profile picture system in action, visit the page of your site where you inserted the shortcode during the previous step. The feature should look something like this:To change your avatar, click on the Choose Image  button and pick the image you want to use. It shouldnt take long for the file to upload. If youre not happy with your choice, you can always hit the Undo button:Otherwise, click on Update Profile and youll be ready to go. Your new profile picture will appear whenever you publish a post or write a comment:Keep in mind that if you didnt disable Gravatar during the first step,  changing your profile picture using this new system will override that avatar. You can keep both systems on, which enables you to choose whichever one you  prefer.ConclusionWordPress default profile picture system is  a bit lacking in functionality.  Fortunately, replacing it is simple and can make your website more mobile-friendly. Not only will you hav e more freedom over your  avatar, but youll also be able to customize the system to your liking – something you cant do using Gravatar.Lets recap the three steps to revamping your WordPress profile picture system using the WP User Avatar plugin:Configure the plugin.Enable the  upload of your profile pictures using shortcodes.Test your new uploading feature. How to change #WordPress profile picture system - say goodbye to Gravatar Click To Tweet Do you have any questions about how to change your WordPress profile picture? Let us know  in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

rumblefish essays

rumblefish essays Rumble Fish, by S.E. Hinton is the sequel to The Outsiders. The characters names are different, but it is still taken place in the same time period. In the story Rumble Fish, Rusty James is a greaser who has a lot of fights in and out of school. He meets up with the Motorcycle Boy and whenever Rusty is in a big situation or fight, the Motorcycle Boy always helps him out. Rusty isnt a great kid. He has a police record and has been suspended for possession of a knife. Bad things can happen to you if you dont have a knife in certain situations. For example, Rusty was in a fight and it was going to be fought with knives. Nobody in his group had one, so Rusty lost. Then he met the Motorcycle Boy and everything was back to normal until the big fight. Rusty got hit, stabbed, and knocked out. Usually the Motorcycle Boy would help him out, but instead he wasnt there, nowhere to be seen. Rusty was put in the hospital. The main conflict in the story is Rusty James, and his fighting all of the time. It isnt good for him or his reputation. Rusty usually wins and someone always is looking to beat him at his own game, which is fighting, Rustys specialty! The conflict is resolved when Rusty James is in a fight against another greaser and the Motorcycle Boy isnt there to save Rusty. After all of this happens, everyone starts making fun of Rusty. The mysterious thing is that the Motorcycle Boy is never seen again. Now Rusty has no friends what so ever! Read Rumble Fish by S.E. Hinton, Its worth the read! ...

Methods of Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods of Instruction - Essay Example Reasons why it is mostly used by instructors are as follows; the instructors don’t have enough time to plan, lecture method is flexible hence can be used in any content delivery and deemed simple. Demonstrations Method This is when the teacher or instructor is showing the students a process or a procedure e.g. scientific process, computing procedure or way of doing things like cooking. The students involved in this process hence they are less passive. Questioning Method This is where the instructor lectures but in the process questioning the students most of the time. Exercise 2 In this exercise, interactive method as an instruction method is used. This method facilitates interaction between the instructor and the learner .Gaining knowledge based on unity and teamwork. The communicative approach involves sharing of experiences, knowledge and personal values. The class is divided based on the stated above features. The course I am teaching is aesthetics. I would divide my class into discussion groups. In this case, the students’ interest is different. This will be depending on their number, the subject discussed and the students’ level of knowledge and abilities, and finally their interests among others. Each group is given a list of items to be discussed. Since it is an aesthetic class, the main topic is the influence of aesthetics studies to the teaching of other subjects namely mathematics, history, art, music, and influence on teaching literature. Each group of students is discussing, related to a specific subject of their interest. The only common cause, the students have is that they share certain common aesthetic course units from where clear relations identified. Each of these groups is by a chosen leader who is spearheading the discussion. With aesthetic education, subjects like art, theatre and music are more subjective in ms of their evaluations , they offer a separate view to the learning experience that rest of the courses do no t. This type of education is not being taught with aim of teaching learners to become theoretical aesthetics. It is part of tolerant arts learning made to widen perspectives. In teaching music the discussion should touch on the fact that aesthetic educators are familiar with deep musical values hence is very supportive in this subject teaching. Teaching history is the education on culture. Many historical activities traced to cultural mores and beliefs. Aesthetics is part of this culture. Understanding the cultural context of the society, to trace its development (Jeanne 27). Exercise (3) Using of Wikipedia Group Project The group project in Wikipedia very effective academic discussion topics which the students can access. Blogs are just online journals used to share ideas by different people on a given subject topic. The ideas and reflections open to public or private. Students are able to form an online discussion group where they reflectively write and share information on classr oom topics. The basic step is to select how the group is going to communicate .Decide on one particular time that all students are able to access the internet services. Then the article discussing about this will be my subject area of teaching importance of taking aesthetic studies. My introductory statement would read: Aesthetics is one of the courses taken in

My walk with catholism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My walk with catholism - Research Paper Example The aims of this essay are two-fold: to observe and to participate in an unfamiliar spiritual tradition that is different from one’s own.  I was reared in a conservative southern Baptist church. For the purpose of this paper, my attendance to a Catholic church is hereby detailed and shared. Introduction to the Catholic Church The rich historical background of the Catholic Church has led scholars and theologians to pinpoint its origins from the time of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ nearly 2,000 years ago (Aguilar, 2007). People who are strongly devoted to the Catholic faith contend that Jesus Christ is the ultimate founder and supreme head of Roman Catholics. Upon the demise of Christ, one of the apostles, Peter, was reported to be designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the increasing number of faithful devotees of the Catholic Church. Since then, it has been averred that the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Ben edict XVI, the Catholic Church’s mission is summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). ... St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church is reported to have been established in the year 1853 and â€Å"named for the patron of the Bishop, Martin John Spalding† (St. Martin: Parish History, 2011, par. 1). I made four visits to this church on following dates: 21st March (Monday), 23rd March (Wednesday), 27th March (Sunday ) and my last visit was on the 30th of March (Wednesday). On first three visits, I attended Masses; while on my last visit, I conducted an interview. B. Social Issues Endorsed by the Place of Worship The St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church actively endorses participation in social issues being a multicultural Catholic church. The population living nearby in the vicinity is African American and this community is a working class and mainly poor. This church remains opens 24/7 and is open to everyone. The place of worship’s governing staff and leaders believe in supporting minorities as well as their rights. One of the main issues addressed by the parish is t he issue of racial equality, specifically black and Indian minorities living particularly in Kentucky, and in the USA, in general. The reason they address this issue is consistent with the Catholic’s mission of proclaiming the word of God to all mankind. Further, the parish aims to gather funds and donations in order to support various charitable endeavors. One of the communities supported through financial contributions is the Catholic American Indian communities on reservations, in inner cities and in rural areas. Parishioners are encouraged to give voluntary gifts, either in kind or in cash, to support evangelization programs of African Americans. From among the currently ongoing programs include Preaches in their own Archdiocese through the work of

Post Enron - Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Post Enron - - Research Proposal Example This general understanding of corporate governance and ethics is not sector specific as companies are very unique from one another in terms of size and internal working culture. Poor corporate governance and enforcement hurdles are widely viewed as the structural weakness that resulted to the economic downturn experienced in the late 2008 (Sun, Stewart & Pollard, 2011). The banks that suffered credit crunch were well aware of impending problems but could not alert shareholders and the government about the impending tough economic times. Early detection necessitates adoption of proactive measures that help companies go through tough times. Introduction Corporate governance is the set of guidelines, legislations and processes that directs business operations in any given country. These laws define the relationships existing between top company management with its board of directors, stockholders, employees, suppliers and clients. There are other external publics which the company direc tly or indirectly interacts with in the course of its operations. These include the government, regulatory authorities and the neighbouring community. Corporate governance laws also determine the lines of congruence that the company has with the external business environment. These rules vary from place to place depending on the economic models countries adopt. For instance, some protectionist countries have laws limiting disclosure of local company information to limit economic spying. Despite existing legislations aimed at reducing corporate malpractices, there have been widespread allegations of bribery scandals pitting American multinationals with foreign governments. A New York Times article by David Barstow dated April 21st, 2012 gave alarming reports of Wal-Mart’s Mexican retail outlet involvement in corrupt practices with Mexican public officials. It is alleged that the company’s internal sleuths found that the executives had authorised payments, adding to arou nd 25million dollars, to these recipients so that they can obtain construction permits without doing an environmental impact assessment (Barstow, 2012). This is a big corporate governance issue because of the ripple effects it has caused to both the Mexican and American governments. According to Barstow (2012), to add to the graft accusations, the management is accused of concealing this internal audit information from the top management; this is against the public information disclosure laws set under the American financial sector management guidelines. Wal-Mart has the obligation to make open its internal audit reports since it is a publicly trading company; this is the reason it’s share trading prices fell by over 5 percentage points the next day after the allegations were made public. The Mexican government is establishing the country’s first anti graft law which is meant to stem economic crimes. This is according to Ivan Castano, in his article dated April 27th, 2 012, in response to these alarming allegations that has the potential of eroding the good gains made by the Mexican authorities in tackling economic crimes. The government has moved zealously to get to the bottom of the claims and punish the culprits to improve business environment that is just recovering from drug wars (Castano, 2012). Pedro Hernandez, a partner at

The Case Of Shimla Tourism Essay

The Case Of Shimla Tourism Essay Shimla, the former summer capital of colonial India and present capital of Himachal Pradesh, is one of the most picturesque hill stations of North India. Apart from being the administrative headquarters of the state it is a famous and an attractive tourist in large numbers every year. It is also an entry pint to various other tourist resorts and recreational centers in the upper region of Himachal Pradesh, thus a convenient stop-over for tourists. The journey of Shimla from a serene hill station to a bustling city as an over exploited tourist destination has been gradual and not a sudden outburst. Its a place where things have definitely gone wrong when it comes to sustainability. 3.1 Growth as a Tourist destination The growth of Shimla is organic expanding from a village to a town and now a city. http://www.google.co.in/url?source=imglandingct=imgq=http://entirekingdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/shimla-city.jpgsa=Xei=ayOtUKzXMdGt0AG93YCABAved=0CAoQ8wc4Twusg=AFQjCNEWb6Gec0PTY-FtYYtu6cxPcD0PTg Tourist activities are concentrated along the core of the British town that is the Mall, Cart Road and Lakar Bazaar. The over developed southern side of Shimla Source: http://entirekingdom.com The man made activities have influenced mainly the southern slope Shimla since the northern slope receives no sunlight. It is difficult to find any open space or undeveloped site on the southern slope. There has been extensive cutting of hill slopes. Himachal Pradesh received a total of 151 lakh tourists in 2011 out of which 20% was contributed by Shimla, the highest for any Himachal destination. The growth rate for tourists in Shimla has been 7% recently. Source: http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/Tourism-in-himachal-pradesh.pdf 3.2 Impact of Tourism on the Natural and Built Environment The southern slope of Shimla has been almost entirely built over, as a result the original pattern of slopes have completely disappeared. At places slope instability has been caused due to poor drainage facility of the area. Analysis of the slope reveal that in order to obtain maximum advantage of the sun, buildings have come down in steps, even in areas where the slope is more thanb the normally permissible limits. (Beyond 36 degree are considered unsuitable). Some of the buildings are in dilapidated conditions because of the lack of maintenance and use of poor construction material than due to slope failure. Another impact of mass tourism is the crash on the local society. It has changed the structure of society itself by favoring certain groups of the population that are able to interact with the tourists and provide services to them. As more and more tourists came in, the development of tourist and infrastructure facilities has disturbed the mountain eco-system. The damages of alterations in some of these areas have started to look like the places that a visitor wanted to escape. Excessive water consumption and ill management of the resource has led to a major water crisis. Loss of identity and culture. The Britishers left a legacy of red sloping roofs behind which gave the town its character. The modern constructions are flat roofs unresponsive to the climate and identity both. Over intensive urbanization. Illegal buildings have cropped up everywhere. The traffic due to tourists and the overcrowding has disturbed the locals daily life and system. Overload of infrastructure (e.g. Car parking, roads, buildings, water supply) Changes in the urban fabric. New architectural styles which are at ties not responsive to site and climate and also the general image of the town. Spectacular views blocked by ugly concrete structures. 3.3 Identification of issues After analyzing the impacts and statistical data, the following issues were identified with respect to construction, planning and architecture of the place. Haphazard development of tourist infrastructure causing architectural pollution and degrading the ecology of the place as well. Earlier buildings were not more than two to three storey high, but now due to less land available we can see buildings as high as six to seven storey high. This exerts massive pressure on the soil and causes visual blockades which are aesthetically displeasing. Due to increasing tourist influx in the town, there is a need for more tourist infrastructure and to accommodate slopes more than 36Â °, which are considered unbuildable, are being cut down causing severe land and soil erosion. Moreover hills are being cut down in the hill station giving way to an ugly concrete jungle. Irregular checks and insufficient guidelines for development of tourist infrastructure and construction activities. The government and tourism bodies have aimed for growth in tourism but have only recently imbibed sustainable growth of tourism in its policies and that too non seriously. 3.4 Conclusions and suggestions Shimla is endowed with immense potent as a place of tourist attraction, besides being a gateway to other parts of Himachal Pradesh. It requires special consideration in conservation of ecological order. There are certain spots, which are environmentally rich and need conservation. Many of the problems, which make tourism unsustainable, relate to the fact that many principles fundamental to sustainable tourism are not acknowledged. They have not been adopted in the conception, planning, design and development of tourism facilities in Shimla. A well managed, slow paced, controlled, integrated tourism development is the option. A set of guidelines and suitable approach scheme needs to be drafted and implemented that calls for sustainable progress of tourism.(Parmar, 2003, p. 50) Sustainable forms of tourism like ecotourism should be promoted to encourage lessening the ecological damage being done. The primary objective of sustainable tourism strategy should be to promote planning, design and construction of all tourist infrastructure and buildings that are environmentally friendly, do not spoil the character of the place, help integrate social and cultural aspects to it. In fact one of the most imperative issues in sustainable growth of tourism resources is the contemplation and expansion of design and building standards in order to reach an optimum use of energy, water and land resources. This will result in efficient management for preserving the natural and built attractions in tourism industry. Regarding the socio-cultural aspect, Shimla has lost its identity especially when it comes to architecture. The buildings should be symbolic of the rich legacy Shimla has or reflect the culture and traditions of the locals. As of now the post-British construction is merely concrete with climatically and site unresponsive features and structure. In Shimla, things would not have reached such a drastic situation had there been an effective land use plan which controlled the tourist developments and demarcated boundaries for such development. Buildings that have low environment impact throughout their life cycle should be promoted. Infact the norms should govern that. Importantly they should respond to the climate and context. Also the buildings meant for tourists should have high satisfaction levels and provide meaningful experience to tourists. The idea of sustainable tourism should be clear so that awareness spreads among the community and tourists both.(Khaksar, p. 37)

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Essa

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Functionalists focus on the roles of the family as an institution and its interaction with other institutions, such as the ratio of functions the family has to perform compared to those that other institutions such as schools and the NHS perform. Functionalism sees the use of the family in society and how it can take pressure from the government by becoming an almost dependent institution that will help support its own members. George Murdock analysed 250 societies and studied the purpose of the family, he came up with a final definition; that the family performs several main functions. These functions help the individuals within the family; Murdock believed the functions are sexual, educational, economic and reproductive. However, Murdock did not consider that the family may have a detrimental affect on members of the family as he seemed to assume that all families are harmonious and do not have any arguments or problems. He also overlooked alterna...

Religion in the workplace Essay

Religion is protected by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by allowing people who work for an employer to be able to ask or take time off in order to observe a religious holiday or attend services. It also forbids employers to discharge, discriminate, limit or segregate any employee based off of their religious preferences. According to what is stated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 employees are allowed to take that time off of work for religious reasons as long as the employer does not experience any kind of hardship due to the absence of the employee. If a business does not comply with what the law states they can receive up to $1,000.00 fine, one year in jail or possibly both. Some examples of religious accommodations qualified employers must take are: 1. Providing tuition reimbursement even if it is a specific religion course. 2. Allowing employees not to participate in training sessions due to their religion. 3. Employees are allowed to engage in any religious expression. 4. Allowing flexible scheduling around someone’s religious preferences. 5. Providing time and or place to pray. It is important for employers to understand how religion is protected by Title VII because if they fail to comply they can receive hefty fines and possibly jail time. An employer can also be sued by someone if they fail to allow them to express their religious preferences. As for employees it is definitely necessary for them to know about Title VI when it comes to religion. Knowing this information will allow an individual to express their religious rights inside the workplace and not feel threatened because they might believe differently than others. COMING TO AMERICA The group that I choose to talk about is Muslims. This group faces religious discrimination in this country today and has seen an increase of discrimination after September 11th. People assume that because some radical terrorists created 9/11 that all people from that religion is against everyone in the United States. It is sad to hear this because it has been shown that most Muslims do not agree with the radical terrorists. There is even a word that describes the mass hysteria of people who are prejudicial towards Muslims called Islamaphobia. Several articles that I have read stated that people are extremely judgmental towards this group as well as hostile towards any Muslim people they come across. It seems that workplace discrimination towards this group is on the rise as well with several lawsuits pending towards different companies. Most of the lawsuits have to do with the ethnic attire and praying that Muslims do. Do I believe that they can overcome this type of discrimination? No I think they have a long hard road to go. Unfortunately there are a lot of uneducated people in the US and people tend to blame a whole group not just the individual in a terrorist situation. What needs to happen is more education on that religion and harsher judgments towards people who do hate crimes towards a Muslim.

P6 Legal and Ethical Issues of Business Communications Essay Example

P6 Legal and Ethical Issues of Business Communications Essay Example P6 Legal and Ethical Issues of Business Communications Essay P6 Legal and Ethical Issues of Business Communications Essay BTEC Level 3 Diploma Business Unit 4: Business Communications P6 Legal and Ethical issues of Business Communication Process What are the operational issues in relation to using ICT in the College and how does the organization deal with them? * Introduction What your report is about In this task, I will be talking about the legal and ethical issues of business communications process. I will be explaining the security of information, backups, healthy and safety, organizational policies and business continuous plans. * What are the operational issues that a business will encounter in its business communication? Security of information Information security management deals with maintaining the integrity and availability of organizational information and knowledge. Much information security management focuses upon digital data; however, the subject also covers records and knowledge management. It is important for the college to have the right information available as and when they need i t, in order to make good decisions. For this reason, many colleges (schools) keep their information on IT systems, but as the reliance on technology increases, so does the risk posed by system failure and malicious attacks (for example, viruses). The IT security policy should take account of the common risks to the information that the college relies upon. This policy might include secure login identification for using IT system and controls that limit access to information. * Backups Large businesses have developed business community programmes to try to minimize the risk of losing vital college information stored on IT service. This involves producing backups of information’s stored on the servers – some schools will create a backup every hour, while others will do so less requently this means that if the live information is destroyed or damaged, a copy is available so the business can continue with as little description as possible. Backups are stored on separate hardware for the live versions of the information. For example, a business might have a dedicated server to backup information. This means that if the whole of the live system is affected, the backup information is not lost along with the live inform ation. * Health and safety St Charles College strives for excellence in everything they do. Health and safety is top in this and it is considered an essential part of management process. The college intend to continually improve their health and safety management systems and expect all of staff, students, visitors and contractors to actively participate in this process. Following the policies, procedures and guidance will enable you to meet and where necessary, to exceed the requirements of regulation. College provides and maintains a safe and healthy environment in which you can work, study, visit and enjoy yourself. Your business has legal responsibilities to provide safe and healthy conditions for your employees, customers, suppliers and anyone else who could be affected by your activities. Your business can also benefit from good health and safety at work. Effective health and safety practices pay for themselves, because they help you avoid staff illness, accidents and the costs associated with them. They can also improve your reputation with customers, regulators and employees. * Organizational policies Organisational policies that relate to the use of business information can help make sure that decision effecting staff: are understandable and consistent, meet legal requirements, take full account of their impact, and contribute to productive working relationships. olicies help make sure that staff have guidance to help them comply with legislation – for example, an organizational policy on the storage and usage of customer data should work within the requirements of the data protection act. They should also help ensure that consistent decisions are made, which can be as important in internal communications as they are in handling customers. * Business continu ance plans This is the steps that a college puts into place to make sure it is capable of surviving a worst – case scenario. One step in the continuance programme might be to make sure the company is producing regular backups of its information. The business might consider natural disasters (such as flooding or fire), accidents (such as a deliberate breach of security, or hacking into the computer system) in its planning. As a result of the plan, employees may need to change the way they work – for example, storing information on a central server rather than on their personal hard drives.

Tombstone Fashion essays

Tombstone Fashion essays In 1879, with the discovery of silver in Arizona, Tombstone becomes queen of the boom towns where the latest Paris fashions are sold from the backs of wagons. Attracted to this atmosphere of greed over one hundred exiled Texas outlaws band together to form the ruthless gang recognized by the red sashes they wear. They emerge as the earliest example of organized crimes in America. They call themselves, The Cowboys. Tombstone. Simply put, The Cowboys, also known as The Notorious Clanton Gang, were the bad guys who infested the developing town of Tombstone; they were fugitives who brought crime and murder with them wherever they went. They were mischief makers hated and feared by the dominant culture of prospectors, gamblers, and businessmen because of their defiant attitude and by the way they dressed. The Notorious Clanton Gang was in fact comprised of actual cowboys who herded and raised livestock, mainly cattle, for a living. Accordingly, they traveled by horse so they wore spurs on their pointy leather boots to control their transportation. They would also wear chaps over their slacks to protect their legs from insects and brush they encountered on their journeys. They wore dust covered cowboy hats to keep the blazing sun out of their eyes and sun faded bandanas around their necks and mouths to ward off sun and dust. However, this simple and honest lifestyle was seemingly not of enough income or interest to the Cowboys. As a more sophisticated and elegant fashion of clothing began to manifest from Paris to the Southwest, the Cowboys remained loyal to their display of ruggedness and dirtiness. The Cowboys arduous way of life tended to develop rough-and-ready attitudes; instead of tailor-made suits and fancy neckties, they dressed in long, dusty, and tattered slacks as they trekked across the desert from town to town getting money by any means possible. This ...

Analyse how the narrators perspective shapes (or mis-shapes) our Essay - 1

Analyse how the narrators perspective shapes (or mis-shapes) our perceptions in two novels from this course - Essay Example According to the (Hardie & Lucas 2001), economics affects the relationships of young and financial instability and differences lead to separations and divorces. These financial differences exert stresses on the couples leading to increase in conflicts and disagreements between them. These economic issues increase the regular level of violence between the couple. Mr Bennet was a person with strong personality and intelligence but his wife who was a daughter of lawyer was totally opposite. She was not patient and was an obsessed personality. Other than that she had negative traits of being pushy and forceful all the time. While on the other hand she was so desperate for the weddings of her daughter that she used to use embarrassing ways for her family to develop an interaction between her daughters and rich men. Mr Bennet was on the other hand a totally patient person with a calm personality so with time he surrendered himself to his wife but with the passing time became unsatisfied with his marriage. Now linking to the argument which was drawn earlier that middle class people believe when a couple is pushed in to marriage they automatically get involved while living together. But the cases presented in the novel portrays opposite. Irritating and all time forceful pushy behaviours lead to dissatisfactions amongst people making them unhappy ab out their marriages (Bautz & Tredell 2009). The argument was drawn in the first paragraph that middle class females believe that forceful marriages are fruitful too in the end but the actual reality is different. They are not fruitful and people stay dissatisfied from their relations. Linking it to the story of Jane and Bingley the initial attractions between them were the results of Mrs Bennet’s pushy behaviour. But Bingley proposed Jane as a result of their personal communications (Clark 1994). The insights of cultural and class differences are presented through the relationship of Elizabeth

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution - Essay Example Interestingly, humans, Homo sapiens, have not yet stopped the journey of evolution. To date, humans still evolve (Schumann, 1998, p93). Nature is very dynamic and with every change in nature, humans have always found a way of adapting to the new domains. Change in nature is inevitable obliging life forms to keep abreast to the changes in order to thrive or survive. A life form that finds it hard to transform to the changing demands of nature eventually dies out (extinction). Humans are the most intelligent creature in the world and they have been so dynamic to the dynamic life conditions they get subjected to by nature. Scientists have come up with new ideas to study this course and a wealth of evidence has been established that supports the fact that indeed, human beings (Homo sapiens) do still evolve to date. One can only imagine the next life forms human would be like if the currently continuing trend. Before the evidences were discovered, many scientists believed that humans have stopped evolving because the advanced cultural and technological states have annihilated the possibility of natural selection that induces evolutionary changes. However, recent scientists have established that humans are still evolving due to social and environmental changes. There is always a specific and special need for humans when the environment changes. The assumption that human technology has been able to create provisions to humans, hence, reducing the biological pressures that could trigger genetic alterations has been disqualified by recent research. In fact, it is reported that the genetic signals are very vivid and can be detected in few births. In Quebec, a town in Canada, for instance, recent human evolution has been detected. Researchers (scientists in this quest) say that micro-changes in the overall gene structure in humans can be detected in

How Life Would Change if We All Had a Better Memory Essay

How Life Would Change if We All Had a Better Memory - Essay Example Perhaps we have a tendency to forget things as a way of working with people around us without going totally postal on them. At the same time, we wouldn’t need to sit up all night cramming for tests since a simple read-through the notes would give us the information we need to pass the test. Of course, then tests might be restructured to test whether we can actually think or just regurgitate information we’ve been fed. But maybe that would be a good thing, too. Memory actually turns out to be a fascinating subject when one stops to consider the possibilities. If everyone had a better memory, the entire structure of school would need to be changed. We wouldn’t need to take US history in middle school, then high school and then college, we could spend that extra time working on other subjects or investigating different things to a greater degree. As I’ve mentioned, the structure of tests would necessarily be different, not focusing so much on whether we can remember the right dates for a particularly important battle, since that would be too easy, but instead testing whether or not we can analyze the significance of that battle, why it was decisive (not what we read about why it was important but actually coming up with our own ideas about it) and then relating the lessons learned through that battle to events occurring in the present. If Americans actually began thinking instead of just trying to repeat what they’ve heard, we might have an entirely better country.

Meaning of life - 2006 singles Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life 2006 singles Essay Have you ever wondered what the meaning of life is, the purpose of our existence. Life is truly a mystery we know very little of our own selves. Something beautiful as a life is something amazing to watch. A life is considered priceless. Life is a treasure among treasures. I consider it a miracle that I am alive and talking to all of you today. The chances of me being here is 1in 5 million, and yet I am here. The same goes for all of you present here today. All of us should feel blessed that we get to experience the privilege of living. The miracle of life begins with the love of two people because of this love a life is created. One good thing leads to another. They’re maybe time that we are challenged, but we should never yield instead we take these challenges as an opportunity to grow in life. If somehow you fall all you need to do is simply stand up again and again. Life is not just a bed of roses we need to fight for what we want and stand for whatever we believe in. Don’t be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave. Don’t shut love out of your life by saying it’s impossible to find time. The quickest way to receive love is to give; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings. Don’t run through life so fast that you forget not only where you’ve been, but also where you are going. Don’t forget, a person’s greatest emotional need is to feel appreciated. Don’t be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily. Don’t use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved. Our generation is so attached to technology that we become like machines. We spend so much time on our gadgets that we fail to notice the things around us. We fail to see the beautiful world around us. Living is not simply eating and breathing is if we spend so much time on our cell phones and playing computer games then we were never alive in the first place. Our life is the greatest gift we are given. The memories we make with our friends and family. We laugh, cry, love and hate these are the proof that we are truly alive. Each and every one of us is irreplaceable all of us are one of a kind. Don’t think of your life as something insignificant maybe just by the act of living you are making someone happy. There is one thing to remember Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way.

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System Understand vehicle security, environmental control and passenger protection systems   Introduction I will learn that there are many advantages in the modern central door locking system. I will be learning the electrical wiring of a typical modern car, and adding illustrations to explain the various components. I will be explaining the operating principles and identifying the main parts of the environmental control system such as the EGR principles for a Hitachi vehicle mentioning how it works according with the Control Valves and later examining the service and repair procedures for a defective valve. I will include the oxidization process in a catalytic converter with equations showing the addition of oxygen to hydrocarbon when passed over a platinum palladium catalyst. The exhaust produces harmful emissions gases damaging to the atmosphere when released into air. The catalytic converter includes a core of ceramics containing many pores which measure less than 1mm. Most catalytic converters have a good life expectancy but should be checked periodically for internal and external d amage. Assessment Criteria 3.1 The central locking system of a motor car must give access to the driver, it is the means from which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the engine is started. The central locking system in a vehicle must give access only to the driver or an authorised person. In past years, only mechanical systems could be operated from the outside with a key or from the inside with a knob. The central locking systems used originally brought about significant improvements in comfort and convenience. The electric locking systems are very common today in most vehicles, they work with an infrared or wireless remote control. They can be triggered remotely, for example without contact between key and vehicle. The latest systems use entirely keyless vehicle access. The driver only needs to have a transmitter in their pockets, the doors are then unlocked when the driver touches a door handle which has a built-in contact point. The central locking system provides locking/unlocking of the entire vehicle from one central exterior point. It is the means in which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the engine is started. The locking system is operated with a key or remote control. These systems feature a built-in vacuum reservoir which triggers the locks on all doors when the key is turned in a lock. The central locking system has the following components: Door handle/Handle strip, the door handle is the traditional means by which a vehicle is opened and closed from inside or outside. The outside door strip usually houses the door lock. Door strips are frequently used as design elements in modern cars. They can be chrome-plated or paint-finished in the same colour as the vehicle. Door lock/Actuator, the latching mechanism in a vehicle is installed directly inside the doors. It contains both a latch and an electric motor (actuator) which controls the central locking system. The latch opens or closes the doors, while on the other hand the door lock, locks or unlocks the vehicle. Today, all doors latches are powered by electric drives. Fuel filler cap, the fuel filler cap will safely seal the fuel tank. Some fuel filler caps have locks, others do not. Fuel filler caps with locks are usually found on vehicle which have either a fuel filler flap which does not lock or no fuel filler flap at all. Fuel filler caps without locks are found on vehicles whose fuel filler flap is locked automatically via the central locking system. Transponder, the transponder is usually integrated inside the key bow. It is the means by which the electronic immobiliser identifies the correct key is being used. The transponders code is read out as the key nears the ignition lock. If the code is correct, the electronic immobiliser will send a start signal enabling the engine. Remote control, the remote controls are being used with increasing frequency in small cars, substituting the functions of a conventional key to all intents and purposes. A signal transmitter sends a signal or a coded order instruction to a receiver inside the vehicle, which usually controls a number of functions. Infrared remote controls have a range of up to 15 m. They depend upon the direct visual contact between transmitter and receiver. Today the infrared remote controls are only used rarely as they have been overtaken by other technologies. Wireless remote controls transmit on radio frequencies and have a range of up to approximately 100 m. Keys, are the basic function and remote control of the locking and unlocking of doors, luggage compartments, fuel filler cap, etc. they are also used to control the interior lighting and electronic immobiliser, the alarm system and the window lifters. The keys are made up of of two units: the milled, toothed key blade and the key bow. The latter is home to an increasing number of electronic functions such as the remote control for the central locking system or the boot lid. Start/stop system, traditionally a vehicle key was needed to unlock the steering lock and to start the engine. Therefore, the vehicle key was enhanced with the addition of a transponder-based release mechanism for the electronic immobiliser. Today, keyless systems are increasingly being used to start engines. In a keyless system, a transmitter, which usually also houses the controller for the central locking is fitted into a reader in the vehicle and the engine is then started by pressing a button. Steering lock, the steering locks have been a compulsory requirement set by insurance companies since 1969.They provide protection against stealing. They are the means from which the steering column is unlocked sand the engine is started, either electrically or by conventional mechanical means. My-cardictionary.com (2016) Diagram 1, An Electrical Wiring Diagram for the Central Locking System of an E36 Coupe vehicle: Justanswer.com (2016) Diagram 2, showing a Single Lock, Phase 1, mechanical lock at door and lock signal generation for a BMW vehicle: Unofficialbmw.com (2016) The lock button and key mechanically rotate the lock lever which decouples the exterior door handle from the latch. When this is rotated the lock lever moves an internal switch ramp to the left closing the lock micro-switch. This provides the lock signal to the GM. When the GM receives the lock signal it activates an internal relay number 1, providing power through the closed single lock contact to the actuator motor. Ground is provided through the modules closed contact of relay number 3. The vehicles actuator motor become energised until the single lock circuit is opened by the gear driven slider. All actuators stop at the single locked position. From this point the external door handles are decoupled from the latch mechanism stopping entry from outside of the vehicle. Assessment Criteria 3.2 Emission control system in vehicles depend on the reduction and discharge of harmful gases from the internal-combustion engine and other components. There are three main sources of gases released from the engine exhaust, the crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburettor. The exhaust pipe sets free burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, there are traces of various acids, alcohols and phenols. In environmental control systems the vehicle emissions focusses on types of emissions: Hydrocarbons, a class of burned or partially burned fuel, hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, causing problems in urban areas. Carbon monoxide, is a product of partial combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen, carbon monoxide poisoning is dangerous and fatal. Nitrogen oxide, is produced when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at a high temperature and pressure inside the engine. NOx is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NOx is a mixture of NO, N20, and NO2. NOx production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient part of the cycle. Sulphur oxide, is a term for oxides of sulphur, it is emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulphur. The reduction of sulphur reduces the level of Sulphur oxide emissions from the tailpipe. Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016) One environmental control system is the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) exhaust gas recirculation. This is an efficient way to reduce the NOx emissions from the engine. It works by recirculating a quantity of exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. A valve is used to restrain the flow of gas it may be closed completely if required. The EGR intermixes the recirculated gas with the incoming air reducing the amount of O2 for combustion, lowering the peak temperature of combustion. In other words, the substitution of burnt gas for oxygen rich air reduces the proportion of the cylinder contents available for combustion, causing a lower heat release and peak cylinder temperature reducing the formation of NOx. A presence of an inert gas in the cylinder further limits the peak temperature. The gas is recirculated is usually achieved by piping a route from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold. The gas recirculated is passed through the EGR cooler reducing the temperature of the gas, reducing the cylinder charge temperature when the EGR is used, the EGR system has two benefits firstly the reduction of charge temperature resulting in lower peak temperature, and secondly the greater density of cooled EGR gas allows for a higher proportion of EGR to be used. On a diesel engine, the recirculated fraction may be as high as 50% under some operating conditions. The control valve within the circuit regulates and times the gas flow. There are disadvantages and difficulties of an EGR system, especially in diesel engines where the trade-off between NOx and particulates is higher. The EGR reduces the available oxygen in the cylinder, the production of particulates fuel which is only partly combusted is increased when the EGR is applied. The reduction of the oxygen available in the cylinder will reduce the peak power available from the engine. The EGR is usually shut off when full power is required so the EGR approach to controlling NOx fails in this situation. The EGR system cannot respond instantly to changes in demand and the exhaust gas takes time to flow around the EGR circuit. Making the calibration of the EGR behaviour more complex. A faulty EGR system may result in one cylinder receiving too much high particulate emissions while another cylinder receives too little, resulting in high NOx emissions from that cylinders. Cambustion.com (2016) Diagram3, Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System for Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery: Tatahitachi.co.in (2016) Diagram 4, An EGR Working illustration: Slideshare.com (2016) Another environmental control system is a catalytic converter. The catalyst converter changes the harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into harmless gases. It is located, in the exhaust system and all exhaust gas must move along through it. The catalyst is a material normally platinum palladium in the catalytic converter that causes a chemical change without being a part of the chemical response. The result is the exhaust gas leaving the catalytic converter with less harmful HC, CO, NOx. The catalytic converter converts the pollutants by catalysing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fuelled by either petrol or diesel. There are two types of converters: 1. The oxidization catalytic converter the oxidation catalyst is the second stage of catalyst converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidising) them over a platinum palladium catalyst. Diagram 5, An illustration showing the oxidization catalytic converter and the various gases emitted from the exhaust: Quickhonda.net (2016) 2. The reduction catalytic converter The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter, it uses platinum and rhodium to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. Diagram 6, The chemical process in the reduction catalytic converter: Sine.ni.com (2016) Assessment Criteria 3.3 All vehicles are designed to protect the drivers and passengers in a collision, some cars are better at this than others. In a well-designed vehicle, all the different safety systems work together in keeping the driver and passengers safe in many different crash situations. Working together the safety systems make up the occupant protection system. The vehicle must have a strong structure to absorb the crash force while keeping the driver and passenger compartments intact. Passenger safety systems comprise of the following: Crumple zones, in the frontal, rear and offset (those occurring at an angle) crashes, modern vehicles protect occupants by absorbing crash energy and reducing the forces in which the driver is exposed. This is because the front and rear sections crumple in a controlled and progressive manner, allowing the driver and passenger compartment to decelerate more slowly. The deceleration signifies less force passing onto the driver and passenger so the injuries are less likely. Safety Belts, they are necessary safety fixtures in a vehicle, most modern safety belts have pretensioners. They tighten the safety belt in case of a collision. They have included load limiters which help to control the movements in a collision. Airbags, help to stop the driver and passengers from hitting hard parts of the vehicle in moderate to severe crashes. There are many different types of airbags available. Most vehicles manufactured in the last 15 years have driver and passenger frontal airbags. Todays newer cars have side torso-protecting airbags and side curtain airbags. The side curtain airbags protect a persons head in a side impact crash. Side airbags with head protection, they are a very important safety item which can stop serious injury in a pole-side impact. ISOFix child restraint anchorages, there are specified lower anchorage points for the installation of child restraints.   These make it easier to install the child restraints correctly. Inflatable rear safety belts, the inflatable sections of these safety belts may be shoulder only or lap and shoulder. This system supports the head during a collision, it also provides side impact protection. Inflatable safety belts have tubular inflatable bladders kept within an outer cover. When a collision occurs, the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the restraint which touches the passenger. During a collision at the same time the inflatable rear safety belt shortens in length, tightening the belt around the passenger and improving protection. Pre-crash systems, this is a system which discover an immediate collision and automatically puts into action safety devices like safety belt pretensioners. Rollover occupant protection systems, detect a rollover situation and deploys occupant protection systems like inflatable curtains. Rollover-enabled air bags are intended to stay inflated after a crash for about five seconds. This give greater protection from the head curtain air bags which deploy in a side-impact collision. Active head restraint, a seat is designed to respond to rearward collisions by moving the head restraint forward. It performs other actions to lower the risk of whiplash type injuries. Head restraint for all seats, they are designed with specific geometry to protect an adult in a road collision from the rear. Automatic emergency call (eCall), is a system which alerts the emergency services if a severe collision occurs. Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Assessment Criteria 3.4 For instance, the expert checking of the brake and repair procedures and security system for a Porsche Macan model car could detect a defective central locking system which sometimes requires the changing of the small battery inside the key housing by using a small screwdriver. When there is a defective battery the central locking system and car alarm will not work accordingly. There are several steps to take when this happens. Normally, the drivers door will lock all functioning locking elements of the central locking system, so the emergency locking procedure should be carried out. A qualified Porsche specialist workshop technician should carry out the necessary diagnostics and repair. To Changing the Drivers Key (Remote Control Battery) the steps are as follows: N.B Please observe the regulations for disposing of batteries If the battery in the remote control becomes too weak, the message Replace Ignition key battery will appear on the multi-function display on the instrument panel. The battery should be changed in this case. To Changing the battery CR 2032, 3 V, you should carry out the following procedures: Remove the emergency key. Lever off the cover on the back of the key housing using a small screwdriver. Change the battery (the polarity should be checked) Refit the cover and press together firmly. Insert the emergency key. By using a push and release mechanism the emergency key within the drivers key is uncovered by using the button to the side. The emergency key can be pulled out and used to unlock the front door of the vehicle. The central locking system controls the doors, tailgate and filter flap. The central locking system is always activated when unlocking and locking the vehicle. On the multi-function display on the instrument panel there are different variants for locking and unlocking the doors and tailgate. The Alarm System: The alarm system monitors the following alarm contacts: Alarm contacts in doors, tailgate, engine compartments lid and headlights. Interior surveillance, movement in the interior when the vehicle is locked, e.g. attempted theft after breaking a window. Inclination sensor: Tilting of the vehicle e.g. attempt to tow the vehicle. Trailer hitch socket, e.g. unauthorised unhitching of the trailer. If one of these alarm contacts is interrupted the alarm horn will sound for approximately 30 seconds and the hazard warning lights flash. After a 5 second pause the alarm is triggered again. The cycle is repeated up to ten times. The alarm system is activated when the vehicle is locked, is deactivated when the vehicle is unlocked. When there are faults in the central locking system, the indicator light comes on for 10 seconds, then it flashes at double speed for 20 seconds and then flashes normally. Although the helpful car alarm is necessary for the security of the car, it can go off unpredictably and even refuse to turn itself off. The safety of the vehicle is very important there are a few methods of troubleshooting the car alarm. m.wikihow.com (2016) Disabling a Car Alarm: Disabling the car alarm can be a temporary arranged before getting professional auto assistance. Understanding the basics of an alarm system is very important, there are a few components that an alarm system uses: Control unit, this part is often referred to the brain as it functions as the command centre for the system. Alarm transmitter, this comes in two forms, key remote or key. Sensors, alarms vary and can get complex with very many sensors like pressure, door or window sensors. Siren, alarms need some type of warning signal, a few systems have their own siren component while others are wired to the car stereo. Wires connect the siren to the control unit, fuses, and the control unit to the sensors. Disconnect the battery, to do it open the hood and locate the battery, using a socket wrench unscrew the negative terminal (-) of the battery and pull it off. This is a safety measure to prevent accidents because working with the vehicles electronics can be dangerous. Find the alarm system, it can usually be found under the hood near the steering wheel. Disconnect the wires, some alarm control units have labels for each wires, by taking off the wires attached to the control unit and removing the wires attached to the siren, are two ways to disable and silence the alarm. Pull the wire of the siren, this will silence the alarm. Reconnect the battery and test the car, put the plug of the battery back in, to make sure the alarm is not going off again. Turn on the car and give the engine an increase of speed. This will make sure that the car can still function. M.wikihow.com (2016) Assessment Criteria 3.5 The reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) engines have been equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves. The EGR valves opens at speeds above idle on a warm engine. When the valve is open, it allows a small portion of the exhaust gas to enter the intake manifold. The exhaust gas is recirculated and takes the place of some the intake mixture. The recirculated exhaust gas is without power and does not enter the combustion process. Diagnosing a defective EGR valve is very straight forward. If the EGR valve is not working or the flow of the exhaust gas is within limits, then the following symptoms will happen: A spark-knock is created when there is an increase of speed during normal driving Excessive oxides of nitrogen (NOx), exhaust emissions. If the EGR valve is stuck open, then these symptoms will show: Rough idle or loss of speed Poor performance/low power The first step in diagnosing the fault is to perform a thorough visual inspection. Checking the proper operation of a vacuum operated EGR valve. To check the operation of the Vacuum-Operated EGR valve, we have to: Check the vacuum diaphragm to see if it can hold the vacuum. N.B. Because some EGR valves require exhaust back pressure to work correctly, the engine should be running at the correct RPM. Apply vacuum from a hand operated vacuum pump and check for right operation. The valve should move when the vacuum is applied and the engine operation should be moving. The EGR valve must be able to hold the vacuum that was applied. If the vacuum drops off, then the valve is likely to be defective. Pearsoned.ca (2016) Conclusion It is useful to know that the central locking system unlocks all doors of a car and it is controlled by a key with a unique code which synchronizes with the cars alarm system. Once the key is used for locking the car the engine immobilizer will go off. Then the vehicles computer system will work with the same code from the car key, therefore opening the engine immobilizer. Consequently, when the engine immobilizer is on, the car will not start. With the evolution of time the central locking system has advanced in their working and is now operated remotely from a distance. In question 3.2 I have understood that emissions of many air pollutants have shown a variety of negative effects on public health and the environment. Emissions such as hydrocarbons a class of burned or partially burned fuel are very toxic. Smog is a major contributor to pollution, and prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons contribute to asthma, liver disease, lung disease and cancer. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion which reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a killer in high concentrations. However, the Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) was firstly used in the USA and Canada in the 1970s and later developed by major car manufacturers to lower the harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Dr Donald H. Stedman of the University of Denver invented technology using infra-red to detect the exhaust gases used in urban areas. It is a way of testing the various gases released into the environment. Finally, I can say that with the advancement of time technology has improved the design and security of the car to ensure the safety of the vehicle. References Cambustion.com (2016) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and NOx Measurement, NOx Emissions [online] Available at: http://www.cambustion.com/products/egr [Accessed: 28th March 2017] My-cardictionary.com (2016), Central Locking System [online] Available at: http://www.my-cardictionary.com/accessories/central-locking-system.html [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Pearsoned.ca (2016) Emission Control Devices Operation, Diagnosis, and Service [online] Available at: http://www.pearsoned.ca/highered/divisions/virtual_tours/halderman/data/Halderman_AutoTec_ch30pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Quickhonda.net (2016) Exhaust Flow in an Automobile [online] Available at: http://www.quickhonda.net/exhaust.htm [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Protection Systems During A Crash [online] Available at: http:///rightcar.govt.nz/protection-during-a-crash.html [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016), R.J. Davies Motor Repairs, [online] Available at: http://rjdaviesmotor.com/services/emission-problems/ [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Sine.ni.com (2016) Using Compact RIO and Lab VIEW to Reduce NOx Emissions from Ship Engines [online] Available at: http://sine.ni.com/cs/app/doc/p/id/cs-12978/lang/en/pdf/yes/pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Unofficialbmw.com (2016), Central Locking, Purpose of the System [online] Available at: http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/lock.pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017]

My Room :: Descriptive Essay Examples, narrative

My Room A secluded island with warm sandy beaches, a sunset over high cropped mountains, or the beauty and serenity of silence in a magnificent forest. A special place could as extravagant as those or as simple as your favorite cozy chair. They reach out with much more than picturesque or comfort qualities. Some of our dearest memories happen to us in these places. Maybe it is because of the comfort we find there, the connections we have that make us feel a certain way, or is it because they add to our identities. They become a vital part of who we are. We could not function properly if that place were to suddenly disappear. You are definitely more likely to go out and do something that you enjoy because you will get more out of it. We need to have happy places and joyous thoughts. Without either of them, I believe, that the world would fall apart. Everyone would become so overly stressed out that the world would be full of more violence than there is now. My room is meaningful to me because it was not always my room. It was my sisters first. Lisa is now married and pregnant. I remember all of the times that I spent in her room. How we used to play cards and watch movies on the weekends. All of our traditions. The Advent and Christmas season is when we had our most special traditions. Every Christmas Eve we would watch "It's a Wonderful Life" and "Meet me in St. Louis" before we would go to midnight mass. She would always ask me if I had a room of my own. Of course I always told her no. A few times she would try to throw me out, but it never worked. Although I annoyed her sometimes she was the one person that I could tell anything too. She listened intently to all of my stupid questions and would try her hardest to answer them. We always stuck together when trouble surfaced. I would comfort her when she had boy trouble and she made sure that I was okay when our grandparents died so closely together. I guess I love my room more now sinc e I have all of these wonderful memories in it. Boy if those walls could talk. I really miss her and the times that we shared.

Library management system Essay

1. 1 Background of the study With diminishing finances, it is rarely possible for a library or information center to have enough resources to fulfill the needs of its clients. What is being delivered is only a portion of what their clients actually need (Ramos & Mohd Ali, 2005). Collaboration is widely recognized as the best way for libraries to cope with the ever increasing challenges: volume of information resources; nature and quality of information; user needs and expectations; information and communication technology competencies and infrastructure; inflated cost of information resources; and staffing needs. However, although these challenges have continued to prevail, libraries working under collaborative initiatives like the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) have registered tremendous success. This thesis reports the findings of a thorough study to establish the factors that have led to the success of CARLI and how such success factors can be applied in libraries of developing countries like Uganda. Emphasis is placed on the establishment of CARLI leadership, the sharing of responsibility and decision making processes as well as sources of funding for the consortium. Also central to the research study is exploration of the role and responsibility of participating member libraries and their contributions to and expectations from the consortium. I contend that lack of funding to facilitate consortium activitiesis not the central factor in the failed progress of the planned consortium activities in Uganda, rather it is the lack of committed leadership and cooperation among participating libraries that is responsible for the lack of progress. In any kind of organization or cooperation like a library consortium, funding has never been enough due to ever changing technologies and continuous demands from library patrons. However, good leadership and cooperation among membership plays a bigger role in achieving a common goal. Having and working towards a common goal, under dedicated, dynamic and faithful leadership with an active and energetic membership plays a great role in the success of a consortium. 2 To assist in the possible improvement of consortium operations in Uganda, I need to understand the leadership, responsibility, staffing, collection, policies and procedures, funding and structure of academic libraries in the participating membership of CARLI in comparison with those of Uganda. My research has incorporated interviews with CARLI staff and a questionnaire survey to all the participating CARLI membership. 1. 2 Problem statement. There is now ample research on the benefits of library collaboration mainly in developed countries (Kaul 2001, Riley 2006, Wright 2006, Bennett 2007, Foulonneau et al. 2007, Williams 2008, Feather, Bracken & Diaz 2008, Butler 1998, Domatob, 1998). In Africa, a lot of research has been devoted toward the need for collaboration (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, Kinengyere 2007, Ibeun & Obasuyi 2007,Amaeshi (Ed. ) 2003, Kaul 2001, Rosenberg 2001, Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson 1996) and a few registered successes (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, Rosenberg 2001, Kinengyere 2007, Ibeun & Obasuyi 2007, Amaeshi (Ed.) 2003, Kaul 2001). However, no research has been reported on how to apply identified success factorsfrom developed countries in order to bring a change in developing countries. Developed countries have registered tremendous success stories compared to less developed countries; failure in developing countries has been attributed to poor funding without looking at other factors like committed leadership and cooperative membership. The National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) (2007) indicates that there are six public and twenty-four private universities giving a total of thirty registered universities in Uganda. Of these, only twenty-one universities and two research institutions are actively and currently participating in the Consortium of Uganda University Libraries, (CUUL) (2008). It is clear, however, that most of these universities do not have adequate resources to support certain, if not all, areas of their academic and research programmes. Since 2005, access to computer facilities, books and other learning materials has improved; still many are farfrom reaching ratios comparable to world standards; and, unfortunately, the student tobook ratio dropped from twenty-three books per student to nineteen in 2006 (NCHE, 2007). The NCHE 2006 (2007) study further shows that there has been a 9. 4% increase in the total number of students that enroll in the universities from 124,313 in 2005 to 137,190 in 2006 without an increase in 3  the number of information materials in most of these universities. Although there is evidence of no increase in the number of information resources to be used by students in these universities, NCHE instead attributes the low level of research across the higher education spectrum to inadequate funding; more so, the student to book ratio stated above is far below the set standards and NCHE does not suggest for these universities to participate in resource sharing as a way of bridging the student to book ratio. The NCHE (2007) acknowledges the usefulness of the library, stating that â€Å"the library†¦ is the heartbeat of an academic institution†. However, its 2006 study indicates that universities have continued to reduce the amount of money spent on books (0. 1% in private and in 2. 5% in public universities) and that library space is being converted to student instruction classrooms. This is an indication of low spending on library books; much as these universities are still working harder to acquire information materials, space to store them is also becoming another challenge. One of the important things I have learned all through the time I have worked at Makerere University Library’s outreach programme inpartnership with CUUL as Deputy Country Coordinator for E-resources, on top of other significant institutional challenges among African universities, a committed leadership and membership was noticed as still lacking among CUUL membership. While there are already tangible successes registered by CUUL, still much has not been achieved, like spearheading resource sharing as one of its objectives since inception. This study begins to address issues that are surrounding the inefficiency involved in partnership, networking and collaboration among university libraries in Uganda. This includes how universities with far better information resources like Makerere University can share with newly established universities lacking sufficient library resources. More particularly, the study directly addresses consortium issues like leadership, communication and membership contribution as key factors in this kind of collaboration. 1. 3 Objectives of the study. †¢ Study the consortium history among academic and research libraries in the state of Illinois 4 †¢ Identify the factors that influence libraries to join and continue to participate in a consortium †¢ Determine how consortium values affect participating libraries †¢ Determine the effectiveness and extent of resource sharing among CARLI member libraries †¢ Identify factors that lead to the success of a consortium other than money †¢ Suggest practical ways for resource sharing in developing countries like Uganda 1. 4 Limitations of the study. Any comparison of differing societies, or search for causal relationships must be conducted within dimensional identities (Amaeshi (Ed), 2003); meaning, a perceived need to understand the economic, political, educational and sociological factors that affect information sharing among universities in both developed and developing countries. While the majority of the developments are standard practice in academic libraries in the developed world, many of these issues are relatively new to us in developing countries, and we have had to contextualize them by finding practical but local ways of addressing some of them (Musoke, 2008). In this study therefore, I do fully understand the dimensional identities that exist among CARLI and CUUL; I try to contextualize identified success factors by finding practical but local ways of applying these factors that have led to CARLI advancement putting into context the economic, political, educational and sociological environments of operation between the two consortia. 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 1 Introduction In my literature review, I have found a good representative literature discussing the need for collaboration among Uganda’s universities and research institutions and a few outlines of the benefits so far registered in these universities. However, little is written in detail about resource sharing as a way to bridge the shortage of information resources among these universities. I am grateful to some authors (Musoke 2008, Paulos 2008, NCHE 2007, Rosenberg 2001, Kaul 2001) who identified some of the factors that have hindered collaboration in Africa, although their discussions outline funding as a major factor in this progress as opposed to good leadership, effective communication and responsive membership. By studying the relevant literature, it will help me understand more fully how other factors play a big role in the development of consortium in developing countries. 2. 1. 1 State of higher education in Uganda. To date, the existing physical resources of higher education institutions are quite inadequate. Past political instability, lack of financial resources and the general lack of a culture that values maintenance have combined to cause gross negligence in the maintenance of physical infrastructure including laboratories, seminar rooms, libraries, research facilities and staff offices (Musisi, 2003). Higher education received about 10 percent of a total Ministry budget of UGX 619. 93 billion in the 2004/05 budget year (Ministry of Education and Sports,  2005), a rate that has remained more or less constant since the mid 1990s. The implementation of cost sharing in institutions of higher learning has increased revenue generation to supplement transfers from the government. In addition to cost sharing, funds are generated internally through private sponsorship of students, consultancies, sales of services and contributions from donors, (Musisi, 2003). However these sources have not beenable to accommodate the ever increasing budget needs. Due to such poor funding, much has been left undone. 2. 1. 2 Structure of academic libraries in Uganda According to the Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act of 2001, with reference to Makerere University library structure (Makerere University Library, 2007), 6 the overall administration of libraries is vested in the office of the University Librarian who reports to the Vice-Chancellor through the Deputy Vice-Chancellor in Charge of Academic Affairs (DVC-AA). The University Librarian is a member of Makerere University Top Management and Senate. Within the library, the University Librarian and deputies form the Library’s Management team, which works with heads of sections and branch libraries to implement University Library policies and programmes, and enforce library rules and regulations. The policy making body of the University Library is the Academic Programmes and Library Committee, which is a senate committee chaired by the DVC-AA. It is composed of members of Senate representing the sciences, arts and humanities, library, students and other relevant stakeholders. 2. 1. 3 History of consortium in Uganda To strengthen the network of librarians, researchers and academics in developing countries and Uganda in particular, the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) encouraged librarians to form national consortia. During a workshop on the topic of library cooperation for effective provision of information in Uganda and beyond, CUUL was established in 2001. Areas of cooperation include resource mobilization and sharing, and training and marketing of member libraries (Kinengyere, 2007). One of the challenges being addressed by CUUL is the sustainability of e-journal subscriptions atthe end of donor funding. In November 2005, CUUL decided on the mechanism of cost-sharing the e-resources, starting in 2006. Out of the 43 registered Programme for the Enhancement of Research Information institutions-(PERI)-Uganda, only 11 (25%) responded to the e-resources sustainability initiative in time for the 2007 subscriptions and this trend has not changed to date (Kinengyere, 2007). The networking and collaboration of CUUL has not yielded good results as outlined in its objectives and thishas been blamed on the lack of funds without looking at other factors like the commitment of its membership, and trust from its leadership. Both CUUL and CARLI which began in July 1, 2005, do have a lot in common in their formation. Like UIUC for CARLI, Makerere University Library is the coordinating institution for CUUL under the PERI programme. The current establishment of CUUL as per its constitution (2001) is composed of a five member elected executive committee (Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Treasurer, Secretary, 7 Publicity) who conduct CUUL activities in addition to their institutional responsibilities; and a committee of representatives from actively participating institutions called ‘Functional committees’ who help to coordinate CUUL activities in their respective institutions. It is interesting to note that the ‘Functional committees’ referred to by CUUL are never as active as they should be. 2. 1. 4 The need for collaboration A perceived need for collaboration among the African university libraries was stated as early as 1990 (Ifidon, 1990); and was outlined in the Carnegie meeting of 2004, which identified the ability to participate in a global economy that is increasingly centered on access to knowledge as a critical key in solving the problems of the African nations. One of the goals of the conference was to develop partnerships between libraries and donors, and establish a platform on which future consortia and agendas could be built. During the meeting, many problems faced by African university libraries were discussed, such as poor networks, little cooperation between institutions that create their own databases of local materials, and very few digitization programs to increase African content on the Web and respond to the thousands of different cultures and languages across the continent. The benefits of collaboration, consortia, networks and peer support have been emphasized in information science literature for a long time. Most of the success stories reported by African University Librarians revolve around collaboration and networking within institutions to lobby policy makers, within the country to form consortia and share the subscription of e-resources, build capacity andget professional support. The actual and potential of networking, cooperation and digitization is to modify the functions of acquiring, storing and disseminating information and knowledge, hence the need to be supported (Musoke, 2008). Because of limited resources there is, therefore, need to build on the achievements, share experiences and best practices through collaboration and networks. 2. 1. 5 Resource sharing The concept of resource sharing has been used in the developed countries as a means to alleviate the resource inadequacies of individual libraries. In Africa, it has been seized upon as a way of sustaining informationservices. Rosenberg (2001, p. 14- 8. 15) in her paper â€Å"The sustainability of libraries and resource centers in Africa† quoted a Kenyan librarian who concluded that â€Å"there is no doubt that resource sharing programmes have a significant role to play in developing countries, given the problem of scarce resources† and â€Å"if libraries are to continueto meet the demands of other users, increased cooperation and resource sharing are vital†. Rosenberg (1993) continues to note that on the ground there is little in the way of resource sharing. In some ways the situation has deteriorated, as systems that used towork (like the East African Literature Service) have collapsed. The survey (Rosenberg, 2001) of University libraries in Africa found that interlibrary lending (the main, if not the only, form of resource sharing practiced), was minimal, especially in-country and within Africa. Such evidence suggests that there is a lot that needs to be done in order to bring a change about the idea of resource sharing among universities and research institutions. Even though these universities have little to share, even a little sharing may help future sharing of acquisitions in the most demanding subject areas. 2. 1. 6 Research and research paradigms In her paper â€Å"Strategies for addressing the university library users’ changing needs and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa†, Musoke (2008) states that there is drastic change in the methods of conducting research and research paradigms. For example, the demand for a multidisciplinary approach to research has meant that a research project in the Medical School, which would ordinarily require medical literature now also requires some social science and ICT components. Such approaches put further demands on the already meager information resourcesin our libraries, hence the need for sharing. The diversity of research methods is an indicator of the complexity of research and the challenges of meeting the information needs of human beings conducting research. Such challenges call for immediate revival of resource sharing among these universities in order to meet the changing needs. The presence and advancements in information technology can also help in this process. 2. 1. 7 Policy formation and leadership The Association of African Universities (AAU) emphasizes that the way ahead for the development of research and postgraduate capacity in African universities is through selective concentration of resources within the university system, and the 9  achievement of collaborative links among African universities, and between African universities and research institutions (AAU, 2009). In order to achieve that goal, AAU suggested that providing effective leadership to facilitate meaningful regional interuniversity cooperation among African universities may help to ease the resource constraints and to build a viable educational enterprise in Africa capable of meeting the challenges ahead (Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson, 1996) 2. 1. 8 Consortium membership. Among the most serious problems of Uganda’s libraries is the low level of and response rate towards collaboration and consortium in a number of library and information science activities. According to Paulos(2008), the most successful libraries in southern Africa, like in Botswana and South Africa, have been able to form strong alliances. Developing complex and strong links and partnerships facilitates the utilization of information resources. An example of a successful regional network is the Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa (AHILA). In addition to its international connections, AHILA has two internal concerns—sharing scarce resources through interlibrary cooperation and developing systems for improved bibliographic control of the health literature produced in Africa (Kinegyere, 2008). Such strategies if applied at the national level will not only strengthen regional networks, but also work as satellite communication networks for international organizations to overcome the problems of lack of physical infrastructure and as a basis for enhancing access to information among university libraries with fewer resources. 2. 1. 9 Library funding The importance of government support towards consortia is elucidated in the plan of the United Nations (UN) World Summit on theInformation Society. This body acknowledges the significance of addressing fundamental issues of development in universal access, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, literacy, skills and training, E-learning, and E-Agriculture (Ibeun & Obasuyi, 2007). If Uganda is a signatory, it should join other countries in the attempt to support libraries and archives. Lack of funding has been a bigger issue among university libraries and has been attributed to lack of understanding of the role of libraries in an institution of higher 10 learning by university and political leaders as it emerged from the Carnegie conference (2004) and mentioned by many other writers (Musoke 2008, Ade Ajayi, Goma & Johnson 1996, Paulos 2008, Rosenberg 2001). However, not all African countries are dependent on external funding. Libraries in Botswana and South Africa are examples where funding is internally generated and the quality of library resources is very high, (Paulos, 2008). As a source of funding for libraries in Africa, including Uganda, Paulos (2008) in his paper â€Å"Library resources, knowledge production, and Africa in the 21 st century† suggested the need for funding from African governments; the importance of proactive approaches on the part of academic librarians in Africa – including the importance of identifying unique materials in the collections and seeking collaboration to digitize them; and the importance of outreach, in particular, seeking the support of Africans in the diaspora. 2. 1. 10 Increasing number of library users The growing number of university students, the increase in study programmes coupled with paradigm shifts in curriculum and research, the increase in research and the rapid ICT developments have all changed the routines of traditional academic librarianship (Musoke, 2008). The demand for information resources has increased, with diminishing budgets, resulting in a poor service to library users. This is further evidenced in the NCHE report of 2007 as outlined above. 2. 2 Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) CARLI is an unincorporated association, with a total of 153 member institutions all over the State of Illinois (CARLI, July 2009). 2. 2. 1 History July 1, 2005 saw the merging of three Illinois academic library consortia to a consolidated consortium called CARLI; the merged  consortia include: Illinois Cooperative Collection Management Program (ICCMP), formed in 1986 and provided statewide collection studies and grants; Illinois Digital Academic Library (IDAL), formed in 1999 and provided centralized electronic resource licensing; and Illinois Library Computer Systems Organization (ILCSO) formed in 1980, provided the shared integrated library system Illinet Online which became I-Share in the consolidation. The merging of these three consortia was aimed at improving the efficiency and cost 11  effectiveness of services, increasing the effectiveness of consortial and member library staff efforts, and creating opportunities to pursuenew programs and services that the three constituent consortia would not have been able to provide on their own. CARLI has continued to add new products, services and programs including: The I-Share integrated library system, E-resources licensing, digital collections and statewide collections awards and programs. 2. 2. 2 Strategic plan, values, and goals CARLI remains fully committed to fulfilling its established mission: The Consortium leads Illinois academic libraries tocreate and sustain a rich, supportive, and diverse knowledge environment that furthers teaching, learning, and research through the sharing of collections, expertise and programs  and attaches great importance to cooperation among academic and research libraries of all types, sizes and missions; respect for the diverse missions and populations served by member institutions; recognition of each member institution’s autonomy; Sharing the full range of academic library resources effectively and economically; free and open access to all intellectual resources; excellence in providing services and programs; innovation in identifying and implementing collaborative solutions to shared challenges; responsiveness to member needs; cost-effectiveness in the delivery of programs, services, and products; careful stewardship of all CARLI resources; protecting the privacy and security of library records; supportingintellectual freedom; and advocacy for academic and research libraries at the local, state, regional and national levels. Furthermore, the consortium reaffirms its commitment to resource sharing, through the continued maintenance and development of its integrated library management system, and the provision of meaningful electronic resources, through brokering, subsidization and cost-sharing agreements as outlined in its four broad strategic priorities: Collaboration and Leadership, Innovation, Resource Sharing, and E-Resources (CARLI, 2007). 12 2. 2. 3 Membership 2. 2. 3. 1 How to become a CARLI member All higher education institutions in Illinois that are recognized by the Illinois Board of Higher Education, and are members of the Illinois Library and Information Network (ILLINET) are eligible for membership in CARLI; andwill agree to abide by the terms and conditions of the CARLI Membership Agreement and any other subsidiary agreements governing participation in a specific CARLI service. However individual member libraries retain autonomy over their own operations. CARLI membership includes three categories each with a different entitlement and responsibility, and different annual membership fees. As of the fall of2009 there were 107 Governing, 30 Associate and 16 Basic members. 2. 2. 3. 2 Membership categories and obligations Governing membership is entitled to participate in all CARLI products, services, and programs at the fullest level of central support; participate in all CARLI committees, task forces, and user groups; receive priority status on waiting lists to join I-Share and other premium services like enrollment in training sessions. Associate membership is eligible for most services and programs, and participates in CARLI governance as a group represented by a single voting member on the CARLI Board of Directors. Basic membership qualifies for selected services and programs, and does not participate in CARLI governance or voting. CARLI member institutions may upgrade to a higher or move to a lesser membership level by following the CARLI Bylaws. Eligible institutions that have not joined CARLI may participate in CARLIemail discussion lists, and may attend CARLI training events and workshops at a feesometimes higher than that of the three membership categories. 2. 2. 3. 3 Membership benefits. CARLI serves over 98% of Illinois higher education students, faculty and staff at 153 member institutions of which 76 institutions benefit from I-Share; E-resources brokering with over 1,000 discounted subscriptions to electronic journals and other resources; a 24-hour delivery by Illinois Library Delivery Service (ILDS) to 141 CARLI libraries and all the state’s regional library systems; the Book Digitization Initiative for Illinois academic and research libraries; in-house development of VuFind an open 13 source front end to I-Share catalog; and participation in the University of Rochester’s Extensible Catalog project. 2. 2. 3. 4 Funding sources CARLI’s sources of funding include annual subscription membership fees where Governing membership contribution ranges from a minimum of $1000 to a maximum of $10,000 and is calculated by student Full Time Equivalent (FTE) enrollment and institution type, Associate members pay $500, and Basic membership is $100. Other funding includes contributions towards e-resources brokering, development of library systems like I-share catalogue and VuFind, support for digitization projects and the Open Content Alliance, through conducting workshops where each membership contributes different fees to participate in any activity, and grants from the state and federal governments. The CARLI financial year runs from July 1 – June 30. 2. 2. 4 Governance CARLI operates under the direction of the CARLI Bylaws 2008 (CARLI, 2008, 2006). The University of Illinois serves as CARLI’s fiscal and contractual agent under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois and CARLI Board of Directors. CARLI operates as a unit of the University Office for Planning. and Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2. 2. 4. 1 Board of Directors and committees CARLI Board of Directors oversees the affairs of CARLI except those reserved for the entire membership; sets strategic directionof the consortium; oversees all CARLI committees; reviews and approves the detail and thetotal organizational budget each year; advises and gives recommendations on the hiring and evaluation of the Assistant Vice-President for Planning & Administration/ CARLIExecutive Director; and provides advice and input to the University of Illinois in matters relating to the Consortium. The Board meets regularly throughout the year. In addition to the Board of Directors, there are several committees, working groups, user groups, and task groups established to support the Board in carrying out operational and programmatic activities of the consortium; assist the Board in the development, implementation, operation, and evaluation of programs and services; provide the Board with advice and recommendations related to policy, management, fiscal, and on other matters that 14 require the Board’s attention. Each committee or group has CARLI liaison fulltime staff who works as a focal point for a designated committee; committees meet quarterly with CARLI Board of Directors or as required. The committees and groups are required to present reports at the end of each task assigned tothem; the reports are published and made public online on the CARLI web page. 2. 2. 4. 2 Board committee organization Board committees are of two categories, standing (permanent) committees referenced in the CARLI Bylaws and temporary â€Å"ad hoc† groups established to carry out a specific task and then discharged. All committeesreport to the Board on a schedule established by the Board. Each Board committee has a CARLI staff liaison. Ad hoc groups have sunset dates at which point the group will be discharged. 2. 2. 4. 2. 1 Standing (permanent) committees There are five permanent committees established by the CARLI Bylaws. Executive committee: The officers of the CARLI Board of Directors shall constitute the Executive Committee. The Committee is advisory both to the Chair and to the Board of Directors on scheduling agenda topics and preparing information for the Board of Directors’ review and action. The Executive Committee is authorized to act on behalf of the Board of Directors on any urgent matter requiring Board approval, unless a regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors is scheduled to take place within 48 hours. The CARLI Board elects its own Vice-Chair/Chair-Elect each year to join the current Chair, Past Chair, and CARLI Executive Director in forming the Executive Committee and will meet as needed to update the Board on their plans and actions. CARLI Executive Director is the Staff or Board liaison. The finance committee provides the Board with recommendations related to annual budget requests, the annual budget, the annual financial performance report, and any other financial matters that require the Board’s attention. It’s composed of four Board members, one each from public institutions, private institutions, community colleges, and one at large. The Past CARLI Chair isthe chair of the committee. The Finance committee reports to the CARLI Board of Directors, on a quarterly basis. CARLI Staff or Board liaisons are the CARLI Executive Director, and CARLI Director for Business and Financial Services. 15 The personnel committee provides the Board with recommendations and input into the recruitment, compensation and evaluation of performance of the Assistant VicePresident and Executive Director. The Board, in turn, provides its recommendations to the University of Illinois. The Committee may also provide the Board with recommendations and input into any other personnel matters that require its attention. The Personnel Committee is composed of four Board members, one each from public institutions, private institutions, community colleges, and one at large. The ViceChair/Chair Elect is the Chair of the Committee. The group reports to the CARLI Board of Directors and University of Illinois Associate Vice President for Planning and Budgeting on an annual basis. The CARLI Board liaison is the University of Illinois Associate Vice President for Planning and Budge.